Unsaponifiable matter (USM)
Unsaponifiable matter testing is an important analytical parameter used in animal feed and feed ingredient analysis to evaluate the quality and purity of fats and oils. Unsaponifiable matter refers to the fraction of fats and oils that does not form soap when treated with alkali during the saponification process. This fraction includes compounds such as sterols, hydrocarbons, fat‑soluble vitamins, pigments, and other non‑glyceride substances. While present in small quantities under normal conditions, excessive unsaponifiable matter may indicate contamination, adulteration, or poor‑quality fat sources used in animal feed.
Methods:
IS 548 (Part 1): 1964
The test is based on the saponification of fats and oils using an alcoholic alkali solution, usually potassium hydroxide (KOH). During this process, triglycerides are converted into soap and glycerol, while the unsaponifiable components remain unaffected. These unsaponifiable substances are then extracted using a suitable organic solvent, evaporated, and weighed. The result is expressed as a percentage of unsaponifiable matter present in the sample.
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